Muscular dystrophy: zeroing in on a cause

An international team of researchers that includes investigators from the Hutchinson Center made a critical advance in determining the cause of a common form of muscular dystrophy known as facioscapulohumeral dystrophy.

They identified a DNA sequence in individuals with FSHD that causes a gene called DUX4 to be more active. Previous work from this research team and others has shown that this gene produces a protein that is toxic to muscle cells, and the current study indicates that it is likely to be key to developing FSHD. This finding points to potential new drug targets for treating—or potentially curing—FSHD, a progressive condition characterized by progressive wasting of muscles in the upper body.

The findings, published in the Aug. 20 issue of Science, shed new light on how a genetic mutation identified nearly 20 years ago causes the disease. The mutation is associated with the majority of FSHD cases, which affects some 300,000 people worldwide.

Researchers at the University of Leiden in the Netherlands led the study in collaboration with co-authors Drs. Stephen Tapscott and Lauren Snider of the Human Biology Division; Dr. Dan Miller at the University of Washington; and Dr. Rabi Tawil at the University of Rochester Medical Center, among others.

A study with more experimental support

“In contrast to most genetic diseases, knowledge of the genetic mutation did not explain the cause of the disease,” said Tapscott, an expert in neurogenetics and neuromuscular disease. “Although many different models and hypotheses were proposed for how the FSHD mutation might cause the disease, none had sufficient experimental support to attain legitimacy, which resulted in controversy and slow progress in FSHD research. These new findings provide a single, testable hypothesis.”

The research group identified a DNA variation, or polymorphism, necessary for FSHD that occurs near the mutation region on chromosome 4 that was discovered nearly two decades ago. In those susceptible to this form of muscular dystrophy, this DNA mutation stabilizes the product of the DUX4 gene and thus causes the gene to be more active.

“This provides a new and unifying model for FSHD because it will focus future research on determining whether the DUX4 protein causes FSHD, as indicated by our consortium’s genetic analysis,” said Tapscott, who is also a UW professor of neurology.

Corresponding author Dr. Silvere van der Maarel, professor of medical epigenetics in the Department of Human Genetics at Leiden University Medical Center in the Netherlands, led the study in collaboration with Tapscott and Tawil, who is a professor of neurology and director of the Fields Center for FSHD and Neuromuscular Research, which is based at the University of Rochester and at the University of Leiden.

An ongoing collaboration

These researchers have an ongoing collaboration through a Hutchinson Center-based National Institutes of Health FSHD Program Project Grant, of which Tapscott is principal investigator. This paper is the second to emerge from this collaboration.

“The progress was made possible by an unusual degree of collaboration and data-sharing among the individual groups,” Tapscott said.

Grants from the Friends of FSH Research, the Shaw Family Foundation and the Muscular Dystrophy Foundation also supported the work at the Hutchinson Center.

Other funding for this study came from the Fields Center, the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research, the Netherlands Genomic Initiative, the National Institutes of Health, a Marjorie Bronfman Fellowship grant from the FSH Society, the Centro Investigacion Biomedica en Red para Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, the Basque Government and the Instituto Carlos III, ILUNDAIN Fundazioa.