About 17,000 people are diagnosed with esophageal cancer in the United States each year. Esophageal cancer occurs when cells in the esophagus begin to grow abnormally.

In the last decade, major strides have been made in the early diagnosis and treatment of esophageal cancer. Fred Hutch Cancer Center offers comprehensive treatment for this disease from a team of experts.

Esophageal Cancer Care Tailored to You

You and your family are our top priority. At Fred Hutch Cancer Center, we offer comprehensive and compassionate care — personalized to you. You'll have access to the latest treatment options, clinical trials and supportive care services.

Esophageal Cancer Overview

Esophageal cancer occurs in the cells of the esophagus. These cells, which can be found in various layers of your esophageal wall, do not respond to regular cell growth, division and death signals like they are supposed to. They also don’t organize normally. Instead, they grow into a tumor, which may extend into the open space inside your esophagus or break through underlying layers of your esophageal wall.

Esophageal Cancer Facts

  1. Esophageal cancer usually starts in the squamous cells or glandular epithelial cells that line the esophagus. From there, cancer may spread into the esophageal wall and to nearby lymph nodes or other tissues or organs.
  2. Unlike some other cancers, there are no standard preventative screenings for esophageal cancer.
  3. In the U.S., adenocarcinoma is the more common type. The opposite is true in the rest of the world where squamous cell carcioma is the common type of esophageal cancer.
  4. For many people, difficulty swallowing is their first symptom.
  5. 90% of esophageal cancers are found in people age 55 or older.

Understanding Esophageal Cancer

Esophageal Cancer Symptoms

Symptoms of esophageal cancer include trouble swallowing, pain with swallowing and frequent choking on food. You should also see a physician if you experience prolonged indigestion or heartburn, or unexplained weight loss.

Learn About Esophageal Cancer Symptoms

Esophageal Cancer Types

There are two types of esophageal cancer: adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma. They’re named based on the types of cells the cancer originates in.

Learn More About Esophageal Cancer Types

Esophageal Cancer Stages

Staging is the process of finding out whether your cancer has spread and, if so, to what extent. The treatment that your Fred Hutch care team will recommend for esophageal cancer will be based in part on the stage of your cancer.

Esophageal cancer is grouped into stages I (1) through IV (4), with stage I esophageal cancer being the least advanced and stage IV esophageal cancer being the most advanced.

Learn More About Esophageal Cancer Stages

Esophageal Cancer Testing and Diagnosis

There is no regular or routine screening test for esophageal cancer for people of average risk, but those with severe gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), some inherited syndromes or Barrett’s esophagus may receive screenings via endoscopy

Learn About Esophageal Cancer Testing and Diagnosis

Esophageal Cancer Risk Factors and Prevention

While physicians don’t know the exact cause of esophageal cancer, risk factors include advanced age, obesity, tobacco and alcohol use, sex (men are nearly three times likelier to develop esophageal cancer) and race (African Americans are three times likelier than European Americans to develop esophageal cancer).

Learn About Esophageal Cancer Risk Factors

Esophageal Cancer FAQ

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