HIV-like viruses in nonhuman primates existed much earlier than hypothesized

Viruses similar to those that cause AIDS in humans were present in nonhuman primates in Africa at least 5 million years ago and perhaps up to 12 million years ago, according to study published Jan. 24 in the open access journal PLOS Pathogens by Hutchinson Center scientists. Until now, researchers have hypothesized that such viruses originated much more recently.

HIV-1, the virus responsible for AIDS, infiltrated the human population in the early 20th century following multiple transmissions of a similar chimpanzee virus known as SIVcpz. Previous work to determine the age of HIV-like viruses, called lentiviruses, by comparing their genetic blueprints has calculated their origin to be tens of thousands of years ago.

Evolution of host immunity gene

However, other researchers have suspected this time frame to be much too recent. Dr. Michael Emerman, a virologist in the Human Biology Division, and Alex Compton, a graduate student in the Emerman Lab, used a technique to estimate the extent to which primates and lentiviruses have coexisted by tracking the changes in a host immunity gene called APOBEC3G that were induced by ancient viral challenges.

They report that this host immunity factor is evolving in tandem with a viral gene that defends the virus against APOBEC3G, which allowed them to determine the minimum age for the association between primates and lentiviruses to be around 5 or 6 million years ago, and possibly up to 12 million years ago.

These findings suggest that HIV-like infections in primates are much older than previously thought, and they have driven selective changes in antiviral genes that have incited an evolutionary arms race that continues to this day. The study also confirms that viruses similar to HIV present in various monkey species today are the descendants of ancient pathogens in primates that have shaped how the immune system fights infections.

"More than 40 nonhuman primate species in sub-Saharan Africa are infected with strains of HIV-related viruses," Emerman said. "Since some of these viruses may have the potential to infect humans as well, it is important to know their origins."

The National Institutes of Health and the National Science Foundation funded the research.

[Adapted from a PLOS Pathogens news release]